Bailment
Q.1 What is Bailment. Who is Bailor and Bailee ? what are there duties and rights of bailor and duties of Bailee.
;fdfGo cy{df eGg'kbf{ s'g} JoQmLsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{sf] nflu cfkm';Fu ePsf] j:t', rn crn ;DkQL csf]{ JolQmsf] lhDdf /fVg'nfO{ gf;f] elgG5 . s'g} Joltmåf/f csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ljz]if p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf] nflu s/f/ cg';f/ s'g} a:t' x:tfgGt/0f ul/G5 / ;f] p2]Zo k"/f ePkl5 ;f] a:t' ;f]xL JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/G5 cyjf lghsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd pko'Qm Aoj:yf ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ gf;f] elGg5 . g]kfnsf] sf/f/ P]gsf] bkmf @% cg';f/ æPs JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg] jf lghn] cx|fPadf]lhd x:tfgGt/0f jf laqmL ug]{ u/L s'h} wgdfn /fVg lbPsf] eP gf;f] ;DalGw s/f/ ePsf] dflgg]5 .Æ Kent sf cg';f/ æPs kIfsf] csf]{ kIfnfO{ ljz]if p2]Zo jf k|of]hgsf] nflu laZjf;sf] e/df s'g} j:t'sf] x:tfgGt/0f g} gf;f] xf] .Æ To;}n] gf;f]sf] nflu j:t' lkmtf{ ug'{ cTofjZos x'G5 . k};fsf] ;§f :jfdLn] j:t' lbG5 jf lkmtf{ gug{sf] nflu k};f dfu ub{5 eg] Tof]] gf;f] x'b}Fg .
o;/L cfˆgf] a:t' jf wgdfn csf]{ JolQm ;dIf gf;f] /fVg lbg] JolQm g} lgIf]ks (Bailor) xf] / h;n] c?sf] j:t' jf wgdfn s]lx ;dosf nflu lnG5 To; JolQmn] lgIf]k u|flxtf (Bailee) xf] .
lgIf]kssf] bfloTjx? (Duties of Bailor)
! bf]ifx? atfpg' M s'g} a:t' gf;f] /fVbf To;df s'g} v/fa bf]ifx? 5 eg] lgIf]ksn] lgIf]ku|flxtnfIP atfpg' kb5{ .
@= a:t' lkmtf{ lng' M s/f/df ;do pNn]v ul/Psf] eP ;f]xL adf]lhd / pNn]v gul/Psf] eP plrt ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 lgIfku|flxtfn] gf;f]sf] j:t'' lkmtf{ u/]df lgIf]ksn] a'lemlng'k5{ .
#= Ifltk"lt{ lbg'M cfˆgf] xs clwsf/ jf :jfldTj gePsf] a:t'' gf;f] /fVg' kfOFb}g . t/ o:tf] j:t' gf;f] /fVg lbPsf sf/0f lgIf]ku|flxtfnfO{ s'g} Iflt k'U5 eg] ;f]sf] Ifltk"lt{ lgIf]ksn] lgIf]ku|flxtnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
$=vr{ Aoxf]{g' M gf;f] /flvPsf] a:t'sf] /]vb]v P+j ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf lgIf]ku|flxtfn] ug'{k/sf] cfjZos vr{x? lgIf]ksn] Joxf]g'{ k5{ .
%=hf]lvd axg ug'{ M lgIf]ku|flxtfn] gf;f] /flvPsf] j:t' ;'/Iff ug{sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ plrt sbdx? rfNbf rfNb} klg ;f] j:t' Ifltu|:t x'g hfG5 eg] ;f] xflg gf]S;fgLsf] hf]lvd lgIf]ksn] g} axg ug'{k5{ .
lgIf]kssf] clwsf/x? (Rights of Bailor)
!=gf;f] /flvPsf] a:t' lkmtf{ lng] clwsf/ M lgIf]ksn] lglZrt p2]Zo jf k|of]hg jf ;dosf] nflu gf;f] /fVg lbOPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] p2]Zo k"/f ePkl5 jf ;do ;lsPkl5 lgIf]ku|flxtfaf6 cfˆgf] a:t' lkmtf{ lng kfpg] clwsf/ lgIf]ksfnfO{ x'G5 .
@=Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ clwsf/ M lgIf]ku|flxtfsf] nfk/jflxsf s/f0fn] a:t' x/fPdf jf Iflt ePdf, j:t'sf] cgflws[t ?kdf k|of]u ePdf, a:t'nfO{ ld;fPdf tyf tf]lsPsf] ;do leq a:t' lkmtf{ gu/]df lgIf]ksnfO{ s'g} xflg gf]S;fgL jf Iflt ePdf lgIf]ksu|flxtf ;Fu Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .
#=a:t' a[l4 kfpg] clwsf/ M gf;f] /flvPsf] j:t'df s'g} a[l4 ePdf jf nfe eP ;f] a[l4 jf nfe dfUg] clwsf/ lgIf]ksnfO{ x'G5 .
$=gf;f] ;dfKt ug]{ clwsf/ M gf;f] ;DalGw s/f/ k|lts'n x'g] u/L jf s/f/sf] zt{ lak/Lt lgIf]ku|flxtfn] gf;f] lnOPsf] a:t' k|of]u u/]sf] s'/f yfxf kfpg] lalQs} h'g;'s} a]nf lgIf]ksn] s/f/ ;dfKt ug{ kfpF5 .
lgIf]ku|flxtfsf] bfloTj (duties of Bailee)
!=gf;f] /flvPsf] a:t'sf] x]/larf/ ug'{ M Bailee sf] k|fylds st{Jo cfkm"nfO{ ljZjf; u/L gf;f] /fVg lbPsf] j:t'sf] /fd|f];Fu /]vb]v ug'{ xf] .
@=cgflws[t ?kn] k|of]u gug'{ M Bailee n] cgflws[t ?kn] a:t'sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpb}g . a:t'sf] k|of]u s/f/sf] zt{ adf]lhd x'g' kb{5 . zt{ ljk/Lt k|of]u u/]sf sf/0f a:t' lau|]df, xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf ;f]sf]] Ifltk"lt{ Joxf]g'{ k5{ .
#=gld;fpg' M lgIf]ku|flxtfn] cfˆg} a:t';Fu lgIf]kssf] gf;f]sf] a:t' ld;fpg' x'b}g . lgIf]ku|flxtn] lgIf]kssf] gf;f]sf] a:t' ld;fpg' x'Fb}g . lgIf]ku|flxtfn] lgIf]kssf] gf;f]sf] j:t'af6 cfˆgf] a:t' cnUu} /fVg' k5{ .
$=a:t' lktf{ ug'{ M h'g p2]Zo jf hlt ;dosf] nflu gf;f] lnOPsf] xf] ;f] p2]Zo jf ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 lgIf]ku|flxtfn] lgIf]ksnfO{ ;f] a:t' kmsf{pg'k5{ .
%=a:t' a[l4 ePdf lkmtf{ lbg' M gf;f]sf] a:t' s'g} lsl;d] a9]df jf To;af6 s'g} nfe ePdf ;f] ;d]t lgIf]knfO{ kmsf{pg'k5{ .
^=xs ghdfpg' M gf;f] /flvPsf] a:t'df lgIf]ku|flxtfn] xs hdfpg] k|of; ug'{ x'g} gf;f] a:t' Ps lbg kmsf{pg'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ p;n]] la;{g' x'b}Fg .
Q.2 Who is finder of a lost goods ? Explain the right and duties and rights of finder of lost goods .
;fdfGotof c? s;}sf] x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg] JolQmnfO{ x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg] JolQm elgG5 . ef/tLo s/f/ P]g bkmf &! cg';f/ æ ha s;}n] csf]{ JolQmsf] a:t' kfpF5 / cfˆgf] ;+/If0f jf sAhfdf /fVb5 ta p;sf] pQ/bfloTj lgIf]ku|flxtfsf] ;/x x'g .Æ t;y{ x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg] JolQm eGgfn] c?sf] x/fPsf] j:t'df h;df cfˆgf] xs clwsf/ x'b}g Tof] a:t'nfO{ cfˆgf]] sAhf jf ;+/If0fdf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ Finder of lost goods elgG5 . j:t'sf] jf:tljs dflns / finder of lost goods lar s'g} k|ToIf s/f/ ePsf] x'b}g t}kgL sfg"gn]] oL ck|ToIf s/f/sf] l;h{gf u/fpb5 . oxfF x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg] AolQmsf] pQ/bfloTj s/f/df lgIf]ku|flxtfsf] ;/x x'G5 / pQm a:t' gf;f] ;/x x'G5 .
Rights of finder of lost goods
!=sAhf ug]{ clwsf/ M– s;}n] s;}sf] x/fPsf] a:t' kfpF5 eg] p;n] ;f] a:t'sf] af:tljs :jfdL kQf nufpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5 / jf:tljss :jfdL km]nf gkfpGh]n ;Dd ;f] a:t' cfˆg} sAhf jf ;+/If0fdf /fVg] clwsf/ p;nfO{ x'G5 .
@=wf/0fflwsf/ M– x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg] AolQmn] To:tf] a:t'sf] jf:tljs :jfdL kQf nufpgdf / ;+/If0f ug{df h] hlt vr{ ug{ k/]sf]] xf] ;f] vr{x?sf] ;f]w egf{ gkfpgh]n ;Dd a:t' kfpg] AolQmn] a:t' /f]sL /fVg kfp5 .
#=Ogfd kfpg] clwsf/ M– a:t' x/fpg] AolQmn] cfˆgf] x/fPsf] a:t' kfP/ bg]nfO{ Ogfd lbg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 eg] a:t' kfpg] AolQmnfO{ ;f] a:t' kmsf{{{Pafkt Ogfd kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 .
$=a:t' a]Rg] clwsf/ M– ef/tLo s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf !^( df pNn]v eP cg';f/, olb plrt k|Tog ubf{ klg jf:tljs :jfdL kQf gnfu]df, olb a:t' gf; x'g] vfnsf] ePdf, olb a:t'sf] df]n w]/}g} 36\g] b/ ePdf, olb jf:tljs :jfdL kQf nfu]klg a:t' kfpg]n] u/]sf] Gofof]lrt vr{sf] /sd lbg OGsf/ u/]df jf olb a:t' kfpg]]n] a:t'sf] ;+/If0fdf u/]sf] vr{ a:t'sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ jf a/fa/ ePdf a:t' a]Rg] clwsf/ finder of lost goods nfO{ x'G5 .
Duties of finder of lost goods x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg]] AolQmsf st{Aox?M
!=plrt x]/larf/ ug'{M– a:t' kfpg] AolQmnm] kfPsf] a:t'sf] plrt x]/larf/ tyf ;'/Iff ug'{k5{ .
@= AolQmut p2]Zosf] nflu k|of]u gug'{ M– a:t' kfpg] AolQmn] kfPsf] a:t' cfˆg} AolQmut p2]Zoosf] nflu k|of]u ug'{ ldNb}g .
#= gld;fpg' M– a:t' kfpg] AolQmn] kfPsf] a:t' cfˆg} a:t';Fu ld;fpg' x]b}g .
$= :jfdL kQf nufpg' M– a:t' km]nf k/]df pQm a:t' kfpg] AolQmn] a:t'sf] :jfdL kQf nufpg x/ ;Dej k|of; ug'{ kb{5 .
%= k|x/LnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' M– x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg] AolQmn] pQm a:t' cfˆgf] sAhfdf /fVg kfpF5 t/ pQm sAhfdf /fVg' cl3 a:t' kfpgf ;fy ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|x/LnfO{ jf ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .
^= a:t' lkmtf{ ug'{ M– x/fPsf] a:t' kfpg] JolQmn] a:t'sf] :jfdL kQf nfUgf ;fy a:t' lkmtf{ ug'{k5{ .
Q.3 Define Pledge. Discuss the rights and duties of Pawner and pawnee?
C0fLn] lnPsf] wlgsf] wgsf] ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ Uof/]G6Lsf] cfwf/ :j?k lnP lbPsf] rn crn ;DkQLnfO{ aGws elgG5 . ;fdfGotof aGws eGgfn] s'g} C0f r'Qmf ug]{ jf sa'n k"/f ug]{ egL hdfgtsf] ?kdf /flvg] a:t'nfO{ hgfpFb5 . aGwsnfO{ csf]{ zAbdf w/f}6L klg elgG5 . vf; ul/ C0fsf] ;'/Iffsf]nflu jf s'g} sa'n k"/f ug{ s'g} dfn;fdfg ;'/Iffsf] nflu /flvG5 . g]kfnsf] s/f/ P]g @)%^ bkmf @%-!_ cg';f/ æs'g} AolQmn] s;}nfO{ C0f lbFbf To:tf] C0fsf] ;'/If0fafkt lwtf] lnPsf]df jf s'g} sfd u/fpFbf ;f] sfd k"/f ug]{ Uof/]06Lsf nflu s'g} wgdfn w/f}6L lnPsf]df lwtf] jf w/f}6L ;DaGwL s/f/ ePsf] dflgg]5 . Æ ef/tLo s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf !&@ cg';f/ æC0f ltg{sf] nflu jf sa'n k"/f ug{sf] nflu hdfgt :j?k /flvPsf] a:t'nfO{ g} aGws elgG5 .
h;n] hdfgt lbg] k||:tfj /fV5 jf a:t' /fVg lbG5 p;nfO{ aGwsstf{ (pawnee) / h;n] hdfgtsf] ?kdf s'g} a:t' lnG5 p;nfO{ aGwsu|flxtf (pawnee) elgG5 .
Rights of Pawner (aGwstf{sf] clwsf/x?)
!=a:t' lkmtf{ lng] clwsf/ M– cfkm"n] lnPsf] C0f lgwf{l/t ;doleq aGwsu|flxtfnfO{ r'Qmf u/]kl5 aGwssf] a:t' lkmtf{ lng kfpg] clwsf/ aGwstf{nfO{ x'G5 .
@=a:t' a[lå ePdf kfpg] clwsf/ M– aGwsu|flxtfnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ C0f ltl/;s]kl5 aGwssf] a:t'df s'g} nfe jf a[lå ePdf ;f] nfe jf a[lå klg a:t' ;Fu} lkmtf{ lng] clwsf/ aGwstf{nfO{ x'G5 .
#=Ifltk"lt{{ dfUg] clwsf/ M– aGws /fVg lbPsf] a:t'sf]] plrt /]b]v gu/]sf] cfˆg} a:t';Fu ld;fPsf] cgflws[t ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] jf s/f/sf]] zt{ lak/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] sf/0f To:tf] a:t' Ifltx'g k'u]df ;f] Ifltsf] nflu aGwsu|flxtfnfO{ x'G5 .
$=laqmL k"j{ ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/ M– cfkm"n] r'Qmf ug'{kg]{ C0f glt/]sf sf/0f cfˆgf] aGws /flvPsf] a:t' laqmL ug]{ xf] eg] klg ;f] ug'{ cufj} aGwsu|flxtfaf6 ;f]sf] ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/ aGwsstf{nfO{ x'G5 .
CHAPTER 4
AGENCY
Q.N. 1) What is Agency? What is Agent?
Ans: cles/0f ;DaGwL s/f/sf] cy{
(Meaning of Contract of Agency):
;fdfGotof s'g} sfd ug{sf nflu k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{, k|rngnfO{ cles/0f elgG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf Joj;flos lqmofsnfk hl6n Pj+ Jofks aGb} uPsf] 5 / Joj;flox? klg a]km';{bL x'g yfn]sf sf/0f cfkmgf ;Dk"0f{ Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkx? PSn}n] ;~rfng ug{ k|foM c;Dej g} ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f cfkmgf s]xL lqmofsnfkx? ug{sf nflu Joj;foLn] cfkmgf] tkm{af6 sfo{ ug{ cfkmgf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf s;}nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{ ub{5 . o;/L h;n] lgo'Qm ub{5 p;nfO{ k|wfg (Principal) elgG5 eg] h;nfO{ lgo'lQm ul/G5 p;nfO{ clestf{ (Agent) elgG5 . / k|wfg / clestf{sf] ;DaGw l;h{gf ug{] s/f/nfO{ cles/0f ;DaGwL s/f/ elgG5 .
g]kfnsf] s/f/ P]g @)%^ bkmf %^ df s'g} JolQmn] cfkmgf] JolQmut bIftfl;t ;DalGwt laifodf afx]s cfkmgf] tkm{af6 s'g} sfd ug{ jf k|ltlglw eO{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ jf t]>f] JolQm;+u s'g} sf/f]af/ ug{ jf To:tf] JolQm;dIf cfkmgf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ jf k|ltlglw lgoQm ug]{ JolQm / t]>f] JolQmlar s'g} lsl;dsf] sfg'gL ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ s;}nfO{ k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 / o;/L k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ePsf]df Ph]G;L ;DaGwL s/f/ ePsf] dflgg] 5 .
Q.N. 2) Explain the procedures of registration of agency business in Nepal.
Ans: g]kfndf Ph]G;L Joj;fo ;~rfng ;DaGwdf ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn Ph]G;L P]g @)!$ tyf @)!( df ul/Psf k|d'v Joj:yfx? lgDg k|sf/ 5g\ .
!_ cles/0fsf] btf{ / o;sf] sfo{ljlwM
cles/0f Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] ;j{k|yd cfkmgf] gfd Ph]G6sf] ?kdf btf{ u/fpg' clgjfo{ 5 . btf{ gu/L Joj;fo u/]df To;n] sfg'gL dfGotf kfp+b}g . Ph]G6df gfd btf{ ug{sf nflu lgDg sfo{ljlw jf k|s[ofx? k'/f ug'{kb{5 .
s_ b/vf:tM Ph]G;L Joj;fo ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] Ph]G;L btf{sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] laa/0f v'nfO{ afl0fHo laefudf b/vf:t lbg' kb{5 . b/vf:tdf k|wfgsf] gfd / 7]ufgf v'nfpg' kb{5 .
v_ btf{M Ph]G;Lsf] nflu b/vf:t kg{ cfPdf g]kfn ;/sf/, afl0fHo ljefusf] clwsf/Ln] cfjZos w/f}tL a'emfpg nufp+5 / b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ sa'lnot klg u/fp+5 . o; kZrft clwsf/Ln] b/vf:tjfnfsf] gfd Ph]G6df btf{ ub{5 . lab]zL gful/sn] klg Ph]G6df cfkmgf] gfd btf{ ug{ ;S5 .
@_ gljs/0fM tf]lsPsf] lgoddf btf{ ePsf] cles/0fsf] dfGotf ! aif{ ;Dd dfq sfod /xG5 . t/ h'g;'s} dlxgfdf cles/0fsf] btf{ ul/Psf] ePklg To;sf] calw r}q d;fGt;Dd dfq /xG5 . r}q d;fGt cl3 km]l/ ?=@) b/ nf:6 ;lxt k]z ul/ gljs/0f ug'{kb{5 .
#_ kmf+6jf/L bfl/jnM k|To]s /lhi68{ clestf{n] #÷# dlxgfdf afl0fHo laefudf tf]lsPsf] 9f+rfdf kmf+6jf/L k]z ug'{kb{5 .
$_ gfd;f/LM /lhki68{ clestf{n] cfkmgf] cles/0f Joj;fo s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ laqmL lat/0f ug{ jf x:tfGt/0f jf gfd;f/L ug{ ;S5 . b'a}sf] lnlvt d~h'/L afl0fHo laefudf b/vf:t lbg'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ?=@% sf ;fy b/vf:t a'emfpg' kb{5 .
%_ b08 ;hfoM btf{ gu/L cles/0f Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf] v08df ?=!))) ;Dd hl/jfgf / /lhi68{ clestf{n] cfkmgf] sa'n pNn‹g u/]sf] v08df % aif{ ;Ddsf nflu Joj;fo /f]Ssf jf ?=%)) ;Dd hl/jfgf a]xf]g'{ kg]{ k|fawfg /x]sf] 5 .
Q.N. 3) Point out the different kinds of Agent.
Ans: sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df clestf{nfO{ d'Votof b'O{ efudf laeQm ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ Jofkfl/s clestf{ (Mercantile Agent)
-v_ u}/Jofkfl/s clestf{ (Non-Mercantile Agent)
-s_ Jofkfl/s clestf{ (Mercantile Agent)
s'g} j:t' lalqm ug]{ jf vl/b ug]{ tyf cGo s'g} Jofkfl/s jf Jofj;flos s[ofsnfksf lgldQ lgo'Qm ug{ clestf{nfO{ Jofkfl/s clestf{ elgG5 . Jofkfl/s clestf{ cGtu{t lgDg k|sf/sf clestf{x? kb{5g\ .
!_ bnfn (Broker)M s;}sf] tkm{af6 j:t' vl/b ug{ jf laqmL ug{sf nflu tyf qm]tf / ljqm]tfsf] ;Dks{ u/fpg h:tf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf lgldQ lgo'Qm clestf{ g} Broker xf] .
@_ b:t'/L clestf{ (Commission Agent)M vl/bstf{sf] nflu laqm]tf / laqm]tfsf] nflu vl/bstf{;+u ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] clestf{nfO{ b:t'/L clestf{ elgG5 . ;fdfGotof a}b]lzs ahf/af6 a:t' vl/b u/L cfkm'nfO{ k7fpg k|wfgn] o; k|sf/sf] clestf{ lgo'Qm ug]{ ub{5g\ .
#_ kmofS6/ (Factor)M cfkmgf] j:t' laqmL ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu k|wfgn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] Jofkfl/s clestf{nfO{ Factor elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] clestf{n] k|wfgsf] h'g;'s} j:t' klg cfkmgf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg tyf cfkmg} gfddf laqmL ug{ ;S5 . p;n] rfx]df k|wfgsf] gfd gatfpg klg ;S5 .
$_ lnnfdstf{ (Auctioneer)M lnnfdstf{ eGgfn] To:tf] clestf{nfO{ hgfp+5, h;nfO{ laqm]tfn] lnnfd u/]/ cfkmgf] j:t' laqmL ug{ lgo'Qm ub{5 . p;n] k|wfgsf] laqmL ug'{kg]{ j:t'x? cfkmgf] sAhfdf lnO{ u|fxsx? ;fd' k|bz{g ub{5 . lnnfd ug]{ j:t'x?sf] nflu clGtd af]nL gaf]n'~h]n lnnfd ug]{ clestf{ laqmLstf{sf] clestf{sf] ?kdf /xG5 . clGtd af]nL af]ln;s]kl5 vl/bstf{sf] klg clestf{ aGg k'Ub5 .
%_ a}+s/ (Banker)M a}+s/n] klg u|fxsx?sf] clestf{sf] ?kdf sfo{ ub{5 . a}+s/n] r]s jf 8«fkm6 jf lanx? ;Íng ub{5 jf cfkmgf u|fxsx?sf] tkm{af6 lwtf]kq v/Lb ub{5 .
-v_ u}/ Jofkfl/s clestf{ (Non-Mercantile Agent)
Jofkf/ Joj;fo;+u c;DalGwt clestf{nfO{ u}/Jofkfl/s clestf{ elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] clestf{ cGtu{t ;+:yfks, kTgL, jlsn, ladf clestf{, lgjf{rg clestf{, ;Nnfxsf/ cflb kb{5g\ .
Q.N. 4) Distinguish between Sub-Agent & a Substituted Agent
Ans:
Sub Agent – (;xfos clestf{)
!_ cles/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ d"n clestf{n] lgo'Qm u/]sf] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ subagent elgG5 .
@_ ;xfos clestf{n] d"n clestf{sf] lgoGq0f tyf lgb]{zgdf /x]sf sfo{ ub{5 .
#_ ;xfos clestf{sf] sfdk|lt d"n clestf{ pQ/bfoL x'G5 .
$_ cfkmgf] kfl/>ldsf] dfq d"n clestf{ ;dIf ub{5 .
%_ ;Lldt bfloTj x'G5 .
^_ d"n clestf{n] ;xfos clestf{nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]kl5 p;sf] st{Ao / bfloTj ;dfKt x'b}g .
&_ p;nfO{ :jtGq ?kdf sfd ug]{ clwsf/ x'b}g .
*_ p;n] d"n clestf{nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{g .
SubstitutedAgent-(k|lt:yflkt clestf{)
!_ k|wfgaf6 kl/rflnt clwsf/ k|fKt ul/ d"n clestf{n] cfkmgf] :yfgdf s'g} csf]{ JolQmnfO{ Substituted Agent elgG5 .
@_ k|lt:yflkt clestf{n] k|wfgsf] lgb]{zg tyf lgoGq0fdf /x]/ sfo{ ub{5 .
#_ k|lt:yflkt clestf{sf] sfdk|lt k|wfg pQ/bfoL x'G5 .
$_ cfkmgf] kfl/>ldssf] dfq k|wfg ;dIf ub{5 .
%_ d"n clestf{ ;/x bfloTj / clwsf/ x'G5 .
^_ d"n clestf{n] k|lt:yflkt clestf{nfO{ lgo'Qm ugf{ ;fy p;sf] st{Jo tyf bfloTj ;dfKt x'G5 .
&_ p;nfO{ x'G5 .
*_ p;n] d"n clestf{nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub{5 .
Q.N. 5) Explain the rights and duties of Agent.
Ans:
-s_ clestf{sf st{Jox? (Duties of Agent)M
clestf{sf] k|wfgk|lt s]xL st{Jox? x'G5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf %( df s]xL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!_ k|wfgsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ sfo{ ug{' clestf{sf] k|d'v st{Jo k|wfgsf lgb]{zgx? cg';/0f u/L cles/0f Joj;fo ug'{ xf] .
@_ pko'Qm ;f] Pj+ bIftfsf ;fy sfo{ ug'{M
clestf{n] c;n lgotn] k"0f{ nugzLntfsf ;fy cfjZos ;Lk tyf bIftf adf]lhd sfd ;Dkfbg ug'{kb{5 . clestf{sf] cfkmg} nfkjf{xL jf v/fa cfr/0fn] ubf{ k|wfgnfO{ s'g} gf]S;fg x'G5 eg] ;f] Ifltsf nflu clestf{ :jo+ pQ/bfoL x'G5 .
#_ sl7g kl/l:yltdf k|wfgnfO{ ;"rgf ;~rf/ ug'{M
Agent n] Joj;fosf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ;d:of jf sl7gfO{ cfOk5{ eg] ;f]sf] ;"rgf k|wfgnfO{ lbO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lng'k5{ / lgb]{zg cg';f/ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .
$_ lghL tj/df sf/f]af/ gug'{M
Agent n] k|wfgsf] cg'dlt a]u/ cfkm" g} k|wfg x'+ h:tf] u/]/ s'g} klg sfd ug'{ x'b}g . Agent n] cfkmg} gfdaf6 laqmL ug'{ x'b}g .
%_ ljk/Lt xs ghdfpg'M
Agent n] k|wfgaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] j:t' jf ;DklQ dfly slxn] klg xs hdfpg' x'b}g . cGoyf p;nfO{ k|wfgn] ;f] sfo{af6 lgif]w ug{ ;Sb5 .
^_ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg gug'{M
clestf{ k|wfgsf] k|ltlglw ePsf] x'bf k|wfgn] h'g sfd ug{ lghnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5, ;fdfGotof clestf{n] c?nfO{ ;f] sfd k'gM lbg jf k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sb}g . t/ s]xL lglZrt dfdnfx?df eg] lghn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ cfkmgf] st{Jo k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;S5 . o;k|sf/ Agent n] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug'{ x'b}g .
&_ uf]Ko nfe cfh{g gug'{M
clestf{n] cfkmgf] cles/0f Joj;fodf s'g} klg uf]Ko nfe cfh{g ug{ x'b}g . cGoyf pm :jo+ lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 .
*_ uf]Kotf eË gug'{M
k|wfg / clestf{ larsf] s'g} klg sfd tyf s'/fdf uf]Kotf /fVg' kb{5 . cGoyf k|wfgnfO{ cK7]/f] kg{ ;S5 .
-v_ clestf{sf clwsf/x? (Rights of Agent)
!_ kfl/>lds kfpg] clwsf/M clestf{n] :jon]+ ;]jf jf lgz'Ns ;]jf u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf olb ;Demf}tfd} kfl/>lds tf]lsPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd / gtf]lsPsf] eP dgfl;a kfl/>lds kfpg] clwsf/ clestf{nfO{ x'G5 .
@_ Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/M clestf{n] cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/leq /xL sfg'g ;Ddt sfo{ ubf{ub}{ cfk"mnfO{ s'g} xfgL gf]S;fgL kg{ hfG5 eg] clestf{n] k|wfg;+u ;f] Ifltsf] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfp5 . To;}u/L c;n ;b\efj jf ljZjf;df s'g} sfo{ ubf{ / To;af6 cfk"mnfO{ s'g} xflg jf gf]S;fgL kg{ uPdf jf p;n] s'g} xflg p7fpg' k/]df ;f] Ifltsf] nflu clestf{n] k|wfg;+u Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug{ jf Ifltk"lt{ ltl/lbg dfu ug{ ;S5 .
o;sf ;fy} tf]lsPsf] ;do jf ;'lDkPsf] sfd ;lsg' cufj} lagf ;"rgf k|wfgn] clestf{nfO{ x6fPsf sf/0f clestf{nfO{ gf]S;fg x'G5 eg] lghn] ;f] gf]S;fgLsf] nflu dgfl;a Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug{ kfpb5 .
#_ wf/0fflwsf/M k|wfgaf6 cfk"mn] kfpg'kg]{ kfl/>lds gkfPdf cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] jf cfkmgf] dftxtdf /x]sf] k|wfgsf] s'g} j:t', sfuhft jf s'g} klg rn crn ;DklQ /f]sL /fVg] jf sAhf ug]{ clwsf/ clestf{nfO{ x'G5 .
$_ j:t' af6}df /f]Sg] clwsf/M clestf{n] k|wfgsf] nflu cfkmg} ?k}of lt/]/ s'g} j:t' vl/b u/]sf] jf cfkmg} JolQmut hdfgt lbO{ vl/b u/]sf]df olb ;f] j:t' k|wfgsxf+ k'Ug' cl3 g} k|wfg 6f6 kN6g uPdf p;nfO{ cbQ laqm]tf nfO{ em}+ j:t' af6}df /f]Sg] clwsf/ x'G5 .
Q.N. 6) Describe the situation where an agency is terminated.
Ans: cles/0f s/f/sf] ;dflKt (Termination of Contract of Agency)
k|wfg tyf clestf{ larsf] sfg'gL ;DaGw 6'6\g' jf cf–cfkmg} bfloTj jf lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'St x'g' g} cles/0f s/f/sf] ;dflKt xf] . o:tf] Joj:yf ;DalGwt kIfx?sf] cfr/0f jf sfg'gsf] sf/0faf6 l;h{gf x'g k'Ub5 . ;fdfGotof lgdg tl/sfx?af6 cles/0f s/f/sf] ;dflKt x'G5 .
!_ kIfx?sf] cfr/0f -sfo{_ åf/fM
kIfx?sf] OR5f jf rfxgf cg';f/ jf sfo{åf/f ;dfKt ul/g] cles/0f ;DaGwL s/f/nfO{ kIfx?sf] sfo{åf/f cles/0fsf] ;dflKt eGb5g\ . o; cGtu{t lgDg tl/sfx? kb{5g\ .
s_ cfk;L ;Demf}tf u/]/M k|wfg / clestf{ b'j} g} k/:k/ ldnL cles/0f s/f/ cGTo ug{ ;xdt x'G5g\ jf ;Demf}tf ub{5g\ eg] ;f] s/f/ ;dfKt x'g hfG5 .
v_ clestf{sf] clwsf/ v08g u/]/M clestf{n] s/f/ adf]lhdsf] sfd ;Dkfbg ug'{ cufj} lghnfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ v08g u/L k|wfgn] s/f/ /2 ug{ ;S5 . t/ cles/0f v08g ug'{ cufj} k|wfgn] lghnfO{ v08gsf] ;'rgf k7fpg' h?/L x'G5 . t/ olb cles/0f v08g ug{ gkfOg] zt{ s/f/df pNn]lvt ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|wfgnfO{ of] clwsf/ k|fKt x'“b}g .
u_ kl/Tofu u/]/M clestf{n] cfkmgf] :j]R5fn] k|ltlglw g/xg] lg0f{o u/]/ cles/0f ;dfKt ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ cles/0f kl/Tofu u/]sf] ;"rgf k|wfgnfO{ lghn] ;dod} lbg'k5{ / tf]lsPsf] ;do cufj} cles/0f kl/Tofu u/]sf] sf/0f k|wfgnfO{ s'g} xflg jf gf]S;fgL kg{ uPdf lghn] ;f]sf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg'k5{ .
3_ cles/0f Joj;fo k"0f{ eP/M b'j} kIfn] s/f/ adf]lhdsf] sfd k"/f u/]df cles/0f s/f/ klg ;dfKt x'G5 .
@_ sfg'g lqmofzLn eP/ -sfg"g åf/f_M
s_ ;do ;lsPdfM Ps lglZrt ;dofjlwsf] nflu clestf{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f] ;do leq sfd k"/f xf];\ of gxf];\ ;dofjlw ;lsgf;fy} clestf{;“usf] s/f/ ;dfKt x'G5 .
v_ d[To' jf kfun ePdfM k|wfg jf clestf{ dWo] s'g} Ps hgfsf] d[To' x'G5 jf s'g} Ps hgf kfun x'G5 eg] pgLx?larsf] cles/0f s/f/ klg ;dfKt x'G5 .
u_ lbjflnof ePdfM k|wfg 6f6 kN6G5 eg] lgh sfg"gL ?kn] s/f/ ug{ cof]Uo 7x5{ . kl/0ffd:j?k cles/0f s/f/ klg cGTo x'G5 .
3_ laifoj:t' gi6 ePdfM h'g j:t' ljz]if0fsf sf/0f cles/0f ;DaGwL s/f/ ul/Psf] xf] Tof] j:t' g} gi6 x'G5 jf To;sf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'G5 eg] s/f/ klg cGTo x'G5 .
ª_ sfg"g kl/jt{g ePdfM b]zsf] sfg"g jf P]g, lgod jf ;/sf/L cfb]zdf kl/jt{g ePsf sf/0f cles/0fsf] s/f/ adf]lhdsf] sfd ug{ ;Dej gx'gf ;fy} s/f/ klg ;dfKt x'G5 .
r_ sDkgL vf/]h ePdfM sfg"gL ?kn] cles/0f sDkgL vf/]h jf la36g x'G5 eg] cles/0f s/f/ klg ;dfKt em}+ x'G5 .
CHAPTER 5
INDEMNITY & GUARANTEE
Q.N. 1) Who is surety. Explain the circumstances under which surety is discharged.
Ans: Surety
Joj;flos lqmofsnfk ;Dkfbg tyf la:tf/sf] qmddf hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . Joj;foLn] Joj;fo lj:tf/sf] qmddf ;fx';“+u C0f ln+bf, gof“ ;Dks{ :yfkgf ubf{ cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ jf s'g} JolQm jf kIfnfO{ pwf/f]df dfn;fdfg laqmL ug'{kbf{ hdfgtsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{ hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/df C0f lng] kIfn] C0f ltg{ ;s]g jf cfk"mnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] bfloTj s/f/ adf]lhd kl/kfngf ug{ c;kmn eof] eg] / s/f/ adf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ul/lbg]5' egL hdfgt lbg] kIfnfO{ hdfgL (Surety) elgG5 . o; cy{df d'Vo C0fL jf bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ kIfn] q'6L ugf{;fy ;fx'n] hdfgt lbg] JolQmaf6 s/f/sf] kl/kfngf u/fpg ;Sb5 .
Condition under which a surety is discharged:
hdfgLsf] bfloTj ;dfKtL x'g' eg]sf] p;sf] ;fx"k|lt s'g}klg lsl;dsf] bfloTj g/xg' xf] . h'g cj:yfx?nfO{ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!_ d'Vo cf;fdLn] C0f lt/]dfM
d'Vo C0fL :jo+n] C0f bftfx?nfO{ ltg'{kg]{ C0f ltb{5 jf ;'lDkPsf] bfloTj jxg ub{5 eg] hdfgL a:g] JolQm cfÏgf] bfloTjaf6 :jtM d'Qm x'G5 . hdfgL ;DaGwL s/f/df hdfgt lbg] JolQm d'Vo kIf geO{ ;xfos kIf dfq ePsf] x'gfn] d'Vo C0fLn] g} s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ul/lbPsf] v08df hdfgL;“u s'g} lsl;dsf] bfloTj /x“b}g .
@_ ;fx"n] d'Vo cf;fdLnfO{ C0f d'Qm ul/lbPdfM
d'Vo C0fLn] ;fx"nfO{ ltg'{kg]{ C0f jf axg ug'{kg]{ s'g} klg bfloTjaf6 ;fx'n] g} d'Qm ul/lbG5 eg] To; cj:yfdf hdfgL :jtM cfkmgf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] s/f/ Pg] @)%^ sf] bkmf !& df pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;fx'sf] sfd sf/jfxLn] C0f ltg'{kg]{ jf bfloTj k'/f ug'{kg]{ JolQm d'Qm x'g] ePdf jf C0f ldgfxf ePdf hdfgt lbg] JolQm cfÏgf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 .
#_ cfk;L ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/dfM
hdfgt lbg] JolQmnfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L g} glbO{ tyf lghsf] cg'dltlagf ;fx" / d'Vo cf;fdL lar yk s/f/ eO{ k"j{ s/f/sf] zt{df x]/km]/ x'G5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfkl5 hdfgt a:g] JolQm cfkmgf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'g] s'/f s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf !& -s_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
$_ d'Vo C0fLnfO{ yk ;do lbP/M
;fx"n] d'Vo C0fLnfO{ p;n] r'Qmf ug'{kg]{ C0f jf axg ug'{kg]{ bfloTjsf lgldQ yk ;do pknAw u/f“pb5 eg] hdfgt a:g] JolQm cfkmgf] bfloTjaf6 :jtM d'Qm x'G5 .
%_ hdfgt a:g]sf] d[To' ePdfM
olb d'Vo cf;fdL / ;fx" larsf] s/f/df s'g} JolQm hdfgt a;LlbPsf] 5 tyf pQm s/f/ kl/kfngf s} qmddf hdfgt a:g] JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf] v08df hdfgtsf] s/f/sf] klg cGTo x'G5 . t/ s/f/ ubf{sf] qmddf jf hdfgt a:g] JolQmsf] d[To' x'g' eGbf cuf8L g} lghsf xsbf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfPsf] v08df hdfgL a:g]sf] bfloTj ;f]xL cg'?k x'g]5 .
Q.N. 2) Explain the right & duties of Surety under the contract of guarantee.
hdfgL a:g] JolQmsf s]xL clwsf/ Pj+ bfloTj x'G5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] s/f/ Pn] @)%^ n] o; k|sf/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ hdfgL a:g] JolQmsf clwsf/x? (Rights of Surety)
!_ d'Vo C0fL lj?4sf] clwsf/ (Rights Against the Principal Debtor)
c_ k|lt:yfkgsf] clwsf/ (Tight to Substitution): k|lt:yfkgsf] clwsf/ eGgfn] s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'g} /sd lt/]sf] 5 eg] t]>f] JolQmaf6 ;f] /sdsf] ;f]wegf{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ a'lemG5 . h'g d'Vo C0fLn] ltg'{kg]{ /sd hdfgL a:g]n] C0fbftfnfO{ lt5{ ta lghn] sfg'gtM lt/]sf] /sd d'Vo C0fLaf6 c;'nL lng kfp“5 .
cf_ Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{lng] clwsf/ (Right to indemnity): g]kfnsf] s/f/ P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg';f/ d'Vo C0fLn] ltg'{kg]{ C0f glt/]sf] jf k"/f ug'{kg]{ bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] sf/0f hdfgL a:g] JolQmn] lt/]df jf k"/f u/[df lghn] ;f] C0f /sd, ;f]sf] Jofh jf cGo z'Ns jf /sd ;a} g} d'Vo C0fLaf6 Ifltk"lt{ ?j?k e/fO{ lbg kfp“5 .
O_ C0fbftf la?4sf] clwsf/ (Rights Against the Creditor): d'Vo C0fLn] cfk"mn] lnPsf] C0f glt/]sf] sf/0f hdfgL a:g] JolQmn] lt5{ eg] hdfgL a:g] AolQm C0fbftf ;/x x'G5 / C0fLaf6 s'g} lwtf] lnPsf] /x]5 eg] p;n] lwtf] dfUg kfp“5 .
-v_ hdfgL a:g] JolQmsf st{Jo tyf bfloTjx? (Duties and Liabilities of Surety)
!_ d'Vo C0fL ;/x bfloTj (Liability Co-extensive as the Principal Debtor's)
g]kfnsf] s/f/ P]gdf hdfgL a:g] JolQmsf] bfloTj d'Vo C0fLsf] ;/x x'G5 / ha;Dd d'Vo C0fL cfkmgf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'“b}g ta;Dd hdfgL a:g] JolQm klg cfkmgf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'“b}g eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
@_ uf}0f k|s[ltsf] bfloTj (Liability of Secondary Nature)
