Voyages of Christopher Columbus.

Christopher Columbus was born between 25 August and 31 October 1451 in Genoa ,Italy. His father was Domenico Clombo, a middle-class wool weaver. In may 1476 he took part in an armed convoy sent by Genoa to carry a valuable cargo to nothern Europe. He docked in Bristol, England, Galway, Ireland and in Iceland. He first married with Filipa Moniz Perestrello 1478 but Filipa died in 1485 so Columbus may have simply left his wife. Later in 1487 he found a mistress Beatriz Enriquez de Arana. Europe had long enjoyed a safe passage to China and India to tranport goods as silk ,spices,opiates etc .But later the land route to asia under the hegemony of the Mongol Empire became more difficult.Than his brother and friends had developed a plan to travel to the Indies, then construed roughly as all of south east Asia, by sailing directly west across the Atlantic Ocean. At that time Europians thought Earth was flat but Christopher believed that the Earth was spherical and small and can easilly reached to Asia by crossing Atlantic Ocean .He made a four trips to find the route to india from west during 1492-1504.In first trip on october 11,1492 he landed off southeastern North America and named San Salvador (Cuba).On a second ,larger expedition with 17 ships and about 1500 men he return Cuba to find gold and capture the Indies and other small islands. On third expedition he set foot foot on the mailland of Amrica.On fourt trip he sailed to Mexico, Honduras ,Panama, Santiago.His conquests included Anatolia, Syria, Phonicia, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Bactria and Mesopotamia, and heextended the boundaries of his own empire as far as Punjab,India.At last he return from india on the way to Babylon june 323 BC, he died at the age of 32 in the place of Nebuchadnezzar II.

The Great wall of China

The Great wall of China approxmately 5 meters wide ,7.8 meters high and 8,851.8 kilometers(5,500 miles) long from east to west of China with a history of more than 2000 years.The Great wall is built, rebuilt,and maintained between the 5th century to 16th centuary (220-206BC)by the first Emperor of china,Qin Shi Huang.Little of that wall (290 km) remains were built during the Ming Dynasty to protect the northern borders of the Chinies Empire from Xiongnu attacks. Ancient records reported that at least one million slaves and prisoners of war were used to build this wall. Many labours died from exhaustion and starvation while working on this colossal task. Their blood and bodies were added there to build it.

Great Alexander from Macedonia to India.

Alexander the great was an ancient Greek king of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. He born on july 20,356 Bc,in Pella, The capital of the Macedon. He was son of king Philip II. His mother was Olympias. Aristotle educated Alexander and his companions in medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic and art at the age of 13. When he was sixteen years old his tutorship under Aristotle came to an end. In 334Bc, Alexander crossed the Hellespont into Asia. There he thread too lightly early in the war. The Persians were surround them self with eunuchs and concubines,to be a week and loss their land. Than one by one he liberated several Greek towns and capitulated with little or no resistance there.The Battle of the Granicus River in may 334Bc was fought in North wwestern Asia (Turkey). Alexander ultimately fought many of his battles on a river banks of the Granicus River.He crossed the river and attacked immediately and battle started .He defeated and overthrew the Achaemenid Persian Empire,under "kings of king". His conquests included Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Bactria and Mesopotamia,and he extended the boundaries of his own empire as far as Punjab, India. At last he return from India on the way to Babylon june 323 BC, he died at the age of 32 in the place of Nebuchadnezzar II.

The Great Ashoka and the Mauryan Emperor of India.

Asoka was born in 304 BC, to Mauryan Emperor Bindusara and a relatively lower ranked queen. Ashoka had only one younger brother, Vitthashoka, but, several elder half-brothers. Right from his childhood days Ashoka showed great promise in the field of weaponry skills as well as academics. Asoka grew into an excellent warrior general and an astute statesman. His command on the Mauryan army started growing day by day and because of this, his elder brothers became suspicious of him being favored by Bindusara as the next emperor. The eldest son of Bindusara, Prince Susima, convinced him to send Asoka to Takshashila province to control an uprising caused by the formation of different militias. However, the moment Ashoka reached the province, the militias welcomed him with open arms and the uprising came to an end without any fight. This particular success of Asoka made his elder brothers, especially Susima, more insecure.Susima started inciting Bindusara against Ashoka, who was then sent into exile by the emperor. Asoka went to Kalinga, where he met a Kaurwaki. He fell in love with her and later, made Kaurwaki his second wife. Soon, the province of Ujjain started witnessing a violent uprising. Emperor Bindusara called back Ashoka from the exile and sent him to Ujjain. The prince was injured in the ensuing battle and was treated by Buddhist monks. In Ujjain, he also met Devi, his personal nurse, who later became his wife. In the following year, Bindusura became seriously ill and was literally on his deathbed. A group of ministers, led by Radhagupta, called upon Ashoka to assume the crown. In the fight that followed his accession, Ashoka attacked Pataliputra, now Patna, and killed all his brothers, including Susima. After he became the King, Ashoka launched brutal assaults to expand his empire, which lasted for around eight years. Around this time, his Buddhist queen, Devi, gave birth to Prince Mahindra and Princess Sanghamitra. The battle of Kalinga (now Orissa) became a turning point in the life of 'Asoka the Great'. The exact reason for the battle is not known. However, it is believed that one of Ashoka's brothers took refuge at Kalinga and this enraged Asoka, who launched a brutal assault on the province. The whole of the province was plundered and destroyed and thousands of people were killed. It is said that after the battle of Kalinga was over, King Asoka went on a tour of the city. He could see nothing except burnt houses and scattered corpses. This was the first time in his life that Emperor Ashoka realized the consequences of wars and battles. It is said that even after he had returned to Patliputra, he was haunted by the scenes he saw in Kalinga. Even his queen, Devi, who was a Buddhist, left him after seeing the brutality at Kalinga.It was during this time that he embraced Buddhism under the Brahmin Buddhist sages, Radhaswami and Manjushri. After adopting Buddhism, Asoka started propagating its principles throughout the world, even as far as ancient Rome and Egypt. In fact, he can be credited with making the first serious attempt to develop a Buddhist policy. Buddhist Emperor Asoka built thousands of Stupas and Viharas for Buddhist followers. One of his stupas, the Great Sanchi Stupa, has been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNECSO. The Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath has a four-lion capital, which was later adopted as the national emblem of the modern Indian republic. Throughout his life, 'Asoka the Great' followed the policy of nonviolence or ahimsa. Even the slaughter or mutilation of animals was abolished in his kingdom. He promoted the concept of vegetarianism. The caste system ceased to exist in his eyes and he treated all his subjects as equals. At the same time, each and every person was given the rights to freedom, tolerance, and equality.

Romeo and Juliet.

This play begins from a great fight between the two prestigious families "Capulets and the Montagues", in Verona, Italy. When these families have been fighting for quite some time. Romeo seen very depressed at that time. Benvolio "Romeo`s cousin" tried to find the source of Romeo’s problems. Romeo reveals that he is in love with a woman named Rosaline and she does not return any man’s affection because she wants to live a life of chastity.
On the other side, Prince "Paris" put a desire to marry Juliet with Capulet "mother`s of Juliet". Capulet is happy about this request, but he insists that Paris should wait two years because Juliet is just 13 years old yet. Capulet tries to console Paris by saying that he is throwing a party that would serve as the perfect place for Paris to woo Juliet. Capulet gives a guest list to a servant named Peter and tells him to invite the guests. But Peter cannot read Fortunately, Romeo and Benvolio wander by at that moment and Romeo reads the list. Peter feels relieved and invites Romeo and Mercutio to the feast. Romeo agrees only because he saw Rosaline’s name on the list.
At the party, Romeo, Benvolio, and their friend Mercutio gather with other guests. The feast begins and all is well. Capulet greets all his guests and everybody is having a wonderful time. Than Lady Capulet tells the Nurse to bring Juliet. When Juliet enters and across the room. Romeo locks eyes with a beautiful Juliet. Romeo is so smitten by Juliet’s beauty. Romeo sin Juliet something through his eyes. Romeo happily takes his sin back. Romeo learns that Juliet is the daughter of his mortal enemy just as Benvolio tells him it is time to leave.
Romeo feels compelled to stay at Juliet’s house because that is where his heart belongs. He climbs over the wall and into the orchard and hides in the Capulet’s orchard and sees Juliet in her window.When Juliet see him at first, she become slightly angry to know that he invaded her private lamentations. Juliet demands to know why he is there and how he got there. Romeo tells her that the power of his love helped him climb the high walls, and Juliet’s demeanor softens. Romeo and Juliet proclaim their love to one another, They instantly fall in love, but they do not realize that their families are mortal enemies.
Next day Benvolio and Mercutio asked Romeo where he was last night. At that mean time Juliet`s Nurse and Peter enter there. Romeo tells the Nurse that Juliet must find a way to go to church than they will be wed. Then after Romeo and his friends wait for Juliet in Friar Lawrence’s cell. Juliet enters the cell, where she and Romeo exchange their vows of love. Soon Tybalt and his men enter there. However, Romeo wishes to keep the peace but Mercutio and Tybalt draws theirs sword and the two begin to duel. Soon Romeo and Tybalt engage in a sword fight, and Tybalt falls down dead. And they all leave from there. After that Prince proclaims that if Romeo is found within Verona’s walls, he shall be killed.
Juliet impatiently waits for nighttime to fall so she can be with Romeo. Juliet gives the Nurse her ring to give to Romeo. Romeo hides in Friar Lawrence’s cell with high temper until the Nurse arrives. The Nurse convinces him to stand up and “be a man” for Juliet’s sake. The Nurse informs him that she weeps for him very much. she gives Romeo Juliet’s ring.
Paris returns to the Capulet’s house late on Monday night to see what Juliet said of their potential marriage. Capulet assumes that Juliet will obey him, and he tells Paris that they will be married on Thursday.
Monday night Romeo and Juliet spent whole night together. Tuesday morning Lord Capulet ent threatens her and tells her that she will marry Paris. Juliet tries to plea with her mother, but Lady Capulet will not listen. She says that if she cannot avoid this marriage, she will certainly kill herself. Capulet decides to hold the wedding on Wednesday instead of Thursday.
On Tuesday night Juliet tells her mother and the Nurse that she does not need any more help and that she wishes to be left alone. Juliet is afraid to drink the potion because she is scared that if the potion will not work than she will have to marry Paris in the morning. Finally, She drinks the potion and falls down as if dead.
Capulet, Lady Capulet, the Nurse, and the servants make the last minute preparations for the wedding. Capulet announces that Paris has arrived and sends the Nurse to Juliet’s room to prepare her for the wedding. The Nurse cheerfully enters Juliet’s chambers and tries to wake her. At first, she thinks that Juliet is heavily asleep, but she soon comes to the conclusion that Juliet is dead. Soon after, Lady Capulet rushes into the room and screams for help upon her realization. Capulet, Paris, Friar Lawrence, and the musicians enter the room, and chaos ensues. Friar Lawrence tries to console them by saying that Juliet is in Heaven now. Capulet states that their happy wedding celebration will now be transformed into a mournful funeral.
Thursday morning Romeo is waiting to hear news from Verona. Balthasar tells Romeo that Juliet is dead, he saw her corpse in the Capulet vault. Overcome with grief, Romeo get some poison to leave this world with Juliet.
Romeo tells Balthasar that he is just going inside to retrieve Juliet’s ring, and Romeo tells him to leave lest he be killed. Paris tries to stop Romeo from entering . Romeo kill Paris and enter inside and stands next to Juliet and marvels at how beautiful she is, even in death. He kisses her for the last time, drinks his poison, and dies by her.
Friar Lawrence arrives. He sees that Paris is dead, as is Romeo. To Friar Lawrence’s horror, he know that he gave Juliet a sleeping medicine instead potion, meanwhile he hear people approaching and Juliet awakens.
Juliet sees that Romeo is dead and he did not leave any poison for her. She kisses him for the last time and plunges a dagger into her heart. Just as she dies.They discover that their true love never end and their love is forever.
Friar Lawrence relates the entire story. He asks to receive his rightful blame, Balthasar and the page give their sides of the story.They reads Romeo’s letter to his father. Capulet and Montague shake hands and end the feud that caused so many innocent people to die.

Author: William Shakespeare

"love u forever"

The Great Mongolian Emperor "Genghis Khan".

Genghis Khan was born in north central Mongolia and named "Temujin".Temujin was born with a blood clot in his hand, a sign in Mongol folklore that he was destined to become a leader. His father Yesukhei and mother Hoelun, taught him the grim reality of living in turbulent Mongol tribal society and the need for alliances. When he was 9, his father took him to live with the family of his future bride, Borte. On the return trip home, Yesukhei encountered members of the rival Tatar tribe, who invited him to a conciliatory meal, where he was poisoned for past transgressions against the Tatars. So on his father was died, Then the pressure on the family was great, and in a dispute over the spoils of a hunting expedition. At 16, he married Borte. Borte was kidnapped by the rival Merkit tribe and given to a chieftain as a wife.Genghis Khan was able to rescue her and soon after she gave birth to her first son, Jochi. He had four sons and many other children with other wives. When he was about 20, he was captured in a raid by former family allies. He escaped with the help of a sympathetic captor and joined his brothers and several other clansmen to form a fighting unit. Temujin began his slow ascent to power by building a large army of more than 20,000 men. He set out to destroy traditional divisions among the various tribes and unite the Mongols under his rule. Through a combination of outstanding military tactics and merciless brutality, Genghis Khan avenged his father's murder by decimating the Tatar army and ordered the killing of every Tatar male less than 3 feet tall. And had all the Taichi'ut chiefs boiled alive. By 1206, He also had defeated the powerful Naiman tribe, thus giving him control of central and eastern Mongolia.The early success of the Mongol army owed much to the brilliant military tactics of Genghis Khan and his understanding of his enemies' motivations.The well-trained Mongol army of 80,000 fighters coordinated their advance with a sophisticated signaling system of smoke and burning torches. Every soldier was fully equipped with bow, arrows, shield, dagger, and lasso. He also carried large saddlebags for food, tools, and spare clothes.The saddlebag was waterproof and could be inflated to serve as a life preserver when crossing deep and swift-moving rivers. Following the victories over the rival Mongol tribes, other tribal leaders agreed to peace and bestowed on Temujin the title of "Genghis Khan," which means "universal ruler." Genghis Khan wasted no time in capitalizing on his divine stature. Although the campaign against the Jin Dynasty lasted nearly 20 years, Genghis Khan's armies were also active in the west against border empires and the Muslim world. Initially, Genghis Khan used diplomacy to establish trade relations with the Khwarizm Dynasty, a Turkish-dominated empire that included Turkestan, Persia, and Afghanistan. Genghis Khan died in 1227 soon after the submission of the Xi Xia. Before his death, Genghis Khan bestowed supreme leadership to his son Ogedei, who controlled most of eastern Asia, including China.The rest of the empire was divided among his other sons.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, India. He was the son of Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai. At the age of 13 he was married to one year older Kasturbai.He passed the matriculation exam from Samaldas College of Bhavnagar Gujarat. On 4th September 1888, he traveled to England to study law at the university College London and to train as a barrister. In 1893 he went to South Africa.In 1906, the Transvaal government of South Africa launched a new act forcing registration of Indian population.There his methodology of Satyagraha was adopted by thousands of his followers.Thousands of Indians were jailed including him, beaten and punished for striking and refusing to register.At last the government compromise with Gandhi after more than of 7 years struggle.In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. In india he saw the condition of farmers was very worse. The British power forced to grow cash crops instead of food crops necessary for their survival.They imposing taxes and leaving in an abject poverty.He organised a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building the confidence of villagers, he began leading the cleanup of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo and condemn many social evils. And he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Than thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release.Then he organized an strikes against the British government for signed an agreement granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over farming until the famine ended. Gandhi felt an immediate need of a self-controlled government.Gandhi employed non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance against the British rule. He encouraged people to it. He also encouraged people to wear khadi clothes instead of foreign made clothes. Gandhi himself wore a traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, which he himself spun on a Charkha. There he got a big success nationwide and people from all sectors, including women of India participated in it. Gandhi was arrested in March and was send to 6 years imprisonment.When he was in prision the Indian National Congress split into two parts and struggle among Hindu and Muslims also took during this period.He was released in February 1924. Gandhi launched a new Satyagraha protesting the tax on salt. He marched from Ahmadabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Thousands of Indian people joined him in this 400km march which was marked as his most successful campaign against the British hold. n the history of Indian Independence struggle in which thousands of freedom fighters were killed, imprisoned and injured and violent clashes broke in every part of India. The demand this time was a complete freedom and immediate exit of the British from India.Gandhi and the committee of congress were arrested on 9 August 1942, and Gandhi was held in Aga Khan Palace for 2 years. During that period his wife Kasturba Gandhi died after 18 months of prison on 22 February 1944. At the end of the world war, India became free from British Government. Against the wish of Gandhi, British India broke into two parts, an Independent India and Pakistan.On Fri, January 30, 1948 a young man rushed from the crowd fired three shots from pistol. Within minutes Gandhi was dead. The killer was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu extremist who believed it was wrong for Gandhi to associate with Muslims.Gandhi's life and death torched people all over the world. His lessons of nonviolence, passive resistance, and civil disobedience would live on well beyond his life.
"The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others."
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.......

Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein was born in the village of Al-Awja, in the Tikrit in Iraq on 28 April 1937.His father disappeared six months before Saddam was born and his mother remarried and died during childbirth . He was raised up with his uncle. Kharaillah Tulfah, a retired army officer. After secondary school Saddam studied at an Iraqi law school for three years, dropping out in 1957 at the age of 20 joins the revolutionary pan-Arab Ba'ath Party.In 1963 Saddam married Talfah's daughter Sajida.Saddam was imprisoned in 1964. He escaped from prison in 1967 and quickly became a leading member of the party.By 1969 Saddam Hussein clearly had become the moving force behind the party.After this Saddam moved up a leading role in addressing the country's major domestic problems. On 1 June 1972, Saddam oversaw the seizure of international oil interests.A year later, world oil prices rose dramatically. Under his auspices, the government established universal free schooling up to the highest education levels. Hundreds and thousands of learned to read in the years following the initiation of the program. The government also supported families of soldiers, granted free hospitalization to everyone, and gave subsidies to farmers. Iraq created one of the most modernized public-health systems. Saddam implemented a national infrastructure campaign that made great progress in building roads, promoting mining, and developing other industries.In 1976, Saddam rose to the position of general in the Iraqi armed forces.Saddam acted to secure his grip on power. He forced the ailing al-Bakr to resign. By 1 August 1979, hundreds of high-ranking Ba'ath party members had been executed. An assembly was organized on 22 July 1979.Many members were la-belled "disloyal" and were removed from the room one by one and taken into custody. The 68 people arrested , 22 were sentenced to execution. Saddam's government gave women added freedoms and offered them high-level government and industry jobs.The domestic political equation changed in the U.S after the September 11,2001 attacks.The United States take action to the Iraqi government because of its weapons of mass destruction, to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons. By the beginning of April, U.S.-led forces occupied much of Iraq.Than Saddam had lost control of Iraq.When Baghdad fell to U.S-led forces on 9 April, Saddam was nowhere to be found.In July 2003, his sons Uday and Qusay and 14-year-old grandson Mustapha were killed . U.S forces found Saddam Hussein hidden by a small remote farmhouse some 12 kilometers south of Tikrit. Saddam was hanged on the first day of Eid ul-Adha,on 30 December 2006.Then his life ends for ever.........
Remember that God has enabled you to become an example of love, forgiveness and brotherly coexistence ... I call on you not to hate because hate does not leave a space for a person to be fair and it makes you blind and closes all doors of thinking and keeps away one from balanced thinking and making the right choice......................... Saddam Hussein.